Optimización heurística económica de tableros de puentes losa pretensados

Los tableros losa de hormigón pretensado son una tipología habitualmente empleada en España para resolver estructuras de pasos superiores. Su optimización presenta un gran interés para conseguir diseños más económicos, que permitan un mayor aprovechamiento de los recursos que requieren. Las contribuciones a esta materia son escasas y han adolecido de un carácter extemadamente teórico que ha dificultado su aplicación por parte de ingenieros proyectistas. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido el de aplicar técnicas de optimización estructural a esta tipología. Se han empleado técnicas metaheurísticas, puesto que permiten plantear el problema de un modo más complejo, aprovechando par una definición completa de tablero y de todos sus componentes, al tiempo que ha permitido imponer todas las comprobaciones que la normativa exige para este tipo de estructuras. Para definir las características del problema ha sido necesario distinguir entre los tableros aligerados y los macizos, dado que ha resultado imposible considerar a uno un caso particular del otro. Se ha implementado un programa informático que incluye las siguientes funciones: generación aletatoria de un tablero, comprobación automática de un tablero, evaluación de su coste a partir de las mediciones completas de todos sus componentes y tres algoritmos de optimización heurística implementados basados en tres metaheurísticas, pertenecientes a los denominados algoritmos de mejora local. Para la calibración de los algoritmos se han efectuado pruebas con diferentes parametrizaciones. La comparación de los resultados ha permitido descartar el algoritmo OBA pormostrar una menor eficacia para las parametrizaciones ensayadas. Los algoritmos SA y TA, por el contrario, muestran resultados muy similares, por lo que han efectuado pruebas de inferencia estadística consistentes en diferentes test de hipótesis. Los resultados no han sido capaces de determinar la heurística más eficaz de las dos.Alcalá González, J. (2010). Optimización heurística económica de tableros de puentes losa pretensados [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/7441Palanci

Bridge Carbon Emissions and Driving Factors Based on a Life-Cycle Assessment Case Study: Cable-Stayed Bridge over Hun He River in Liaoning, China

[EN] Due to the rapid growth of the construction industry¿s global environmental impact, especially the environmental impact contribution of bridge structures, it is necessary to study the detailed environmental impact of bridges at each stage of the full life cycle, which can provide optimal data support for sustainable development analysis. In this work, the environmental impact case of a three-tower cable-stayed bridge was analyzed through openLCA software, and more than 23,680 groups of data were analyzed using Markov chain and other research methods. It was concluded that the cable-stayed bridge contributed the most to the global warming potential value, which was mainly concentrated in the operation and maintenance phases. The conclusion shows that controlling the exhaust pollution of passing vehicles and improving the durability of building materials were the key to reducing carbon contribution and are also important directions for future research.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, along with FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional), project grant number: BIA2017-85098-R.Zhou, Z.; Alcalá-González, J.; Yepes, V. (2020). Bridge Carbon Emissions and Driving Factors Based on a Life-Cycle Assessment Case Study: Cable-Stayed Bridge over Hun He River in Liaoning, China. International Journal of Environmental research and Public Health. 17(16):1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165953S1221716The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change https://www.ipcc.ch/2018/10/08/summary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5c-approved-by-governments/Sánchez-Garrido, A. J., & Yepes, V. (2020). Multi-criteria assessment of alternative sustainable structures for a self-promoted, single-family home. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120556. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120556Kong, J. S., & Frangopol, D. M. (2003). Life-Cycle Reliability-Based Maintenance Cost Optimization of Deteriorating Structures with Emphasis on Bridges. Journal of Structural Engineering, 129(6), 818-828. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2003)129:6(818)Larsson Ivanov, O., Honfi, D., Santandrea, F., & Stripple, H. (2019). Consideration of uncertainties in LCA for infrastructure using probabilistic methods. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 15(6), 711-724. doi:10.1080/15732479.2019.1572200ETSI project-Stage III http://etsi.aalto.fi/Etsi3/index.htmlProBas Prozessorientierte Basisdaten für Umweltmanagementsysteme https://www.probas.umweltbundesamt.de/php/news.php?id=3Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry https://lca-forum.org/english/Ecoinvent database https://www.ecoinvent.org/database/database.htmlGarcía-Segura, T., Yepes, V., Frangopol, D. M., & Yang, D. Y. (2017). Lifetime reliability-based optimization of post-tensioned box-girder bridges. Engineering Structures, 145, 381-391. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.05.013Itoh, Y., & Kitagawa, T. (2003). Using CO2 emission quantities in bridge lifecycle analysis. Engineering Structures, 25(5), 565-577. doi:10.1016/s0141-0296(02)00167-0Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., & Guinée, J. B. (2010). Life cycle assessment and sustainability analysis of products, materials and technologies. Toward a scientific framework for sustainability life cycle analysis. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(3), 422-428. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.010Penadés-Plà, V., Martí, J. V., García-Segura, T., & Yepes, V. (2017). Life-Cycle Assessment: A Comparison between Two Optimal Post-Tensioned Concrete Box-Girder Road Bridges. Sustainability, 9(10), 1864. doi:10.3390/su9101864Jutta Hildenbrand OpenLCA 1.10 http://www.openlca.org/CML-IA Characterisation Factors https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-output/science/cml-ia-characterisation-factorsBare, J. C., Hofstetter, P., Pennington, D. W., & de Haes, H. A. U. (2000). Midpoints versus endpoints: The sacrifices and benefits. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 5(6). doi:10.1007/bf02978665Wei, J., & Cen, K. (2019). A preliminary calculation of cement carbon dioxide in China from 1949 to 2050. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 24(8), 1343-1362. doi:10.1007/s11027-019-09848-7Du, G., Safi, M., Pettersson, L., & Karoumi, R. (2014). Life cycle assessment as a decision support tool for bridge procurement: environmental impact comparison among five bridge designs. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19(12), 1948-1964. doi:10.1007/s11367-014-0797-zKim, T., & Tae, S. (2016). Proposal of Environmental Impact Assessment Method for Concrete in South Korea: An Application in LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1074. doi:10.3390/ijerph13111074Arbault, D., Rivière, M., Rugani, B., Benetto, E., & Tiruta-Barna, L. (2014). Integrated earth system dynamic modeling for life cycle impact assessment of ecosystem services. Science of The Total Environment, 472, 262-272. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.099Ogundipe, O. M. (2016). Marshall Stability and Flow of Lime-modified Asphalt Concrete. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 685-693. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.333Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Li, D. (2017). Estimation and uncertainty analysis on carbon dioxide emissions from construction phase of real highway projects in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 144, 337-346. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.015Colvile, R. ., Hutchinson, E. ., Mindell, J. ., & Warren, R. . (2001). The transport sector as a source of air pollution. Atmospheric Environment, 35(9), 1537-1565. doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00551-3Fushun City 2019 National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/Wang, K., Tian, H., Hua, S., Zhu, C., Gao, J., Xue, Y., … Zhou, J. (2016). A comprehensive emission inventory of multiple air pollutants from iron and steel industry in China: Temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics. Science of The Total Environment, 559, 7-14. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.125Hammervold, J., Reenaas, M., & Brattebø, H. (2013). Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 18(2), 153-161. doi:10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000328Chen, Y., Liu, P., & Yu, Z. (2018). Effects of Environmental Factors on Concrete Carbonation Depth and Compressive Strength. Materials, 11(11), 2167. doi:10.3390/ma11112167Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., & Fujita, E. M. (2001). Review of volatile organic compound source apportionment by chemical mass balance. Atmospheric Environment, 35(9), 1567-1584. doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00461-1Martínez-Muñoz, D., Martí, J. V., & Yepes, V. (2020). Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges: Design, Life Cycle Assessment, Maintenance, and Decision-Making. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2020, 1-13. doi:10.1155/2020/8823370Kim, K. J., Yun, W. G., Cho, N., & Ha, J. (2017). Life cycle assessment based environmental impact estimation model for pre-stressed concrete beam bridge in the early design phase. 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Optimized Application of Sustainable Development Strategy in International Engineering Project Management

[EN] The aim of this paper is to establish an international framework for sustainable project management in engineering, to make up the lack of research in this field, and to propose a scientific theoretical basis for the establishment of a new project management system. The article adopts literature review, mathematical programming algorithm and case study as the research method. The literature review applied the visual clustering research method and analyzed the results of 21-year research in this field. As a result, the project management system was found to have defects and deficiencies. A mathematical model was established to analyze the composition and elements of the optimized international project management system. The case study research selected large bridges for analysis and verified the superiority and practicability of the theoretical system. Thus, the goal of sustainable development of bridges was achieved. The value of this re-search lies in establishing a comprehensive international project management system model; truly integrating sustainable development with project management; providing new research frames and management models to promote the sustainable development of the construction industry.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, along with FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional), project grant number: PID2020-117056RB-I00.Zhou, Z.; Alcalá-González, J.; Yepes, V. (2021). Optimized Application of Sustainable Development Strategy in International Engineering Project Management. Mathematics. 9(14):1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9141633S13091

Environmental, Economic and Social Impact Assessment: Study of Bridges in China's Five Major Economic Regions

[EN] The construction industry of all countries in the world is facing the issue of sustainable development. How to make effective and accurate decision-making on the three pillars (Environment; Economy; Social influence) is the key factor. This manuscript is based on an accurate evaluation framework and theoretical modelling. Through a comprehensive evaluation of six cable-stayed highway bridges in the entire life cycle of five provinces in China (from cradle to grave), the research shows that life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), life cycle cost assessment (LCCA), and social impact life assessment (SILA) are under the influence of multi-factor change decisions. The manuscript focused on the analysis of the natural environment over 100 years, material replacement, waste recycling, traffic density, casualty costs, community benefits and other key factors. Based on the analysis data, the close connection between high pollution levels and high cost in the maintenance stage was deeply promoted, an innovative comprehensive evaluation discrete mathematical decision-making model was established, and a reasonable interval between gross domestic product (GDP) and sustainable development was determined.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, along with FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional), project grant number: BIA2017-85098-R.Zhou, Z.; Alcalá-González, J.; Yepes, V. (2021). Environmental, Economic and Social Impact Assessment: Study of Bridges in China's Five Major Economic Regions. International Journal of Environmental research and Public Health. 18(1):1-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010122S133181ISO 14044:2006/AMD 1:2017. Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Requirements and Guidelines. ISOhttps://www.iso.org/standard/72357.htmlWuni, I. Y., Shen, G. Q. P., & Osei-Kyei, R. 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Proposal of Environmental Impact Assessment Method for Concrete in South Korea: An Application in LCA (Life Cycle Assessment). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1074. doi:10.3390/ijerph13111074OpenLCA 1.10http://www.openlca.org/openlca/ISO,14044:2006/AMD 2:2020, Environmental Management-Life Cycle Assessment-Requirements and Guidelines. ISOhttps://www.iso.org/standard/76122.htmlNavarro, I. J., Yepes, V., Martí, J. V., & González-Vidosa, F. (2018). Life cycle impact assessment of corrosion preventive designs applied to prestressed concrete bridge decks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 698-713. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.110O’Born, R. (2018). Life cycle assessment of large scale timber bridges: A case study from the world’s longest timber bridge design in Norway. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 59, 301-312. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2018.01.018Milani, C. J., & Kripka, M. (2019). Evaluation of short span bridge projects with a focus on sustainability. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 16(2), 367-380. doi:10.1080/15732479.2019.1662815Trunzo, G., Moretti, L., & D’Andrea, A. (2019). Life Cycle Analysis of Road Construction and Use. Sustainability, 11(2), 377. doi:10.3390/su11020377Li, H., Deng, Q., Zhang, J., Xia, B., & Skitmore, M. (2019). Assessing the life cycle CO2 emissions of reinforced concrete structures: Four cases from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 210, 1496-1506. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.102Frangopol, D. M., Dong, Y., & Sabatino, S. (2017). Bridge life-cycle performance and cost: analysis, prediction, optimisation and decision-making. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 13(10), 1239-1257. doi:10.1080/15732479.2016.1267772Goh, K. C., Goh, H. H., & Chong, H.-Y. (2019). Integration Model of Fuzzy AHP and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Evaluating Highway Infrastructure Investments. 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Research on Sustainable Development of the Regional Construction Industry Based on Entropy Theory

[EN] Human beings are now facing the increasingly urgent problem of global ecological environment pollution. To verify the scientific nature of environmental governance by governments of various countries, researchers need to provide a scientific basis and practical support for governments to adjust and formulate new policies and regulatory measures at any time through data analysis. This paper applies visual literature, aggregate analysis, engineering data programming, advanced mathematical science algorithms, and innovation entropy theory, and through this study obtains sustainable impact data from eight Chinese provinces in the 21st century, including environmental, economic, and social impacts. The results show that China¿s sustainable data should grow from 2021 to about 2044. After 2045, it will be stable, and there will be negative growth in a short period. The overall life cycle assessment (LCA) and social impact assessment (SIA) continue to remain in the positive range. There will be no negative growth in aggregate data and zero or negative emissions before 2108. The final research data are accurately presented in the form of annual emissions, which provide a scientific and theoretical basis for the government to formulate medium- and long-term ecological regulations and plans.This research was funded by the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project: PID2020-117056RB-100), along with FEDER fundingZhou, Z.; Alcalá-González, J.; Yepes, V. (2022). Research on Sustainable Development of the Regional Construction Industry Based on Entropy Theory. Sustainability. 14(24):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416645123142

Optimal Design of Sustainable Reinforced Concrete Precast Hinged Frames

[EN] Sustainable development requires improvements in the use of natural resources. The main objective of the present study was to optimize the use of materials in the construction of reinforced concrete precast hinged frames. Proprietary software was developed in the Python programming language. This allowed the structure¿s calculation, verification and optimization through the application of metaheuristic techniques. The final cost is a direct representation of the use of materials. Thus, three algorithms were applied to solve the economic optimization of the frame. By applying simulated annealing, threshold accepting and old bachelor¿s acceptance algorithms, sustainable, non-traditional designs were achieved. These make optimal use of natural resources while maintaining a highly restricted final cost. In order to evaluate the environmental impact improvement, the carbon-dioxide-associated emissions were studied and compared with a reference cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame. The results showed designs with reduced upper slab and lateral wall depth and dense passive reinforcement. These were able to reduce up to 24% of the final cost of the structure as well as over 30% of the associated emissions.The authors acknowledge the financial support of Grant PID2020-117056RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe"Ruiz-Vélez, A.; Alcalá-González, J.; Yepes, V. (2022). Optimal Design of Sustainable Reinforced Concrete Precast Hinged Frames. Materials. 16(1):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1601020412316

CO2-Optimization Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Based on a VNS-Threshold Acceptance Strategy

This paper presents one approach to a methodology to design reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls for road construction using a hybrid multistart optimization strategic method based on a variable neighborhood search threshold acceptance strategy (VNS-MTAR) algorithm. This algorithm is applied to two objective functions: the embedded carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and the economic cost of reinforced concrete walls at different stages of materials production, transportation, and construction. The problem involved 20 design variables: four geometric variables (thickness of the stem and the base slab; toe and heel lengths), four material types, and 12 variables for the reinforcement setup. Results first indicate that embedded emissions and cost are closely related and that more environmentally friendly solutions than the lowest cost solution are available at a cost increment of less than 1.28%. The analysis also indicated that reducing costs by 1 Euro could save up to 2.28%kg in CO 2 emissions. Finally, the cost-optimized walls require approximately 4.8% more concrete than the best environmental ones, which need 1.9% more steel. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.This work was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana (Research Project GV/2010/086) and by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Research Project PAID-06-09). The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and useful suggestions. The authors are also grateful Dr. Debra Westall for her thorough revision of the manuscript.10000-01-01Yepes Piqueras, V.; Gonzalez Vidosa, F.; Alcalá González, J.; Villalba Izquierdo, P. (2012). CO2-Optimization Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Based on a VNS-Threshold Acceptance Strategy. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering. 26(3):378-386. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000140S37838626

Life Cycle Assessment of Bridges Using Bayesian Networks and Fuzzy Mathematics

[EN] At present, reducing the impact of the construction industry on the environment is the key to achieving sustainable development. Countries all over the world are using software systems for bridge environmental impact assessment. However, due to the complexity and discreteness of environmental factors in the construction industry, they are difficult to update and determine quickly, and there is a phenomenon of data missing in the database. Most of the lost data are optimized by Monte Carlo simulation, which greatly reduces the reliability and accuracy of the research results. This paper uses Bayesian advanced fuzzy mathematics theory to solve this problem. In the research, a Bayesian fuzzy mathematics evaluation and a multi-level sensitivity priority discrimination model are established, and the weights and membership degrees of influencing factors were defined to achieve comprehensive coverage of influencing factors. With the support of theoretical modelling, software analysis and fuzzy mathematics theory are used to comprehensively evaluate all the influencing factors of the five influencing stages in the entire life cycle of the bridge structure. The results show that the material manufacturing, maintenance, and operation of the bridge still produce environmental pollution; the main source of the emissions exceeds 53% of the total emissions. The effective impact factor reaches 3.01. At the end of the article, a big data sensitivity model was established. Through big data innovation and optimization analysis, traffic pollution emissions were reduced by 330 tonnes. Modeling of the comprehensive research model; application; clearly confirms the effectiveness and practicality of the Bayesian network fuzzy number comprehensive evaluation model in dealing with uncertain factors in the evaluation of the sustainable development of the construction industry. The research results have made important contributions to the realization of the sustainable development goals of the construction industry.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, along with FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional), project grant number: BIA2017-85098-RZhou, Z.; Alcalá-González, J.; Kripka, M.; Yepes, V. (2021). Life Cycle Assessment of Bridges Using Bayesian Networks and Fuzzy Mathematics. Applied Sciences. 11(11):1-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114916S131111

CO2-Optimization of Post-Tensioned Concrete Slab-Bridge Decks Using Surrogate Modeling

[EN] This paper deals with optimizing embedded carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using surrogate modeling, whether it is the deck of a post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete slab bridge or any other design structure. The main contribution of this proposal is that it allows optimizing structures methodically and sequentially. The approach presents two sequential phases of optimization, the first one of diversification and the second one of intensification of the search for optimums. Finally, with the amount of CO2 emissions and the differentiating characteristics of each design, a heuristic optimization based on a Kriging metamodel is performed. An optimized solution with lower emissions than the analyzed sample is obtained. If CO2 emissions were to be reduced, design recommendations would be to use slendernesses as high as possible, in the range of 1/30, which implies a more significant amount of passive reinforcement. This increase in passive reinforcement is compensated by reducing the measurement of concrete and active reinforcement. Another important conclusion is that reducing emissions is related to cost savings. Furthermore, it has been corroborated that for a cost increase of less than 1%, decreases in emissions emitted into the atmosphere of more than 2% can be achieved.Grant PID2020-117056RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe".Yepes-Bellver, L.; Brun-Izquierdo, A.; Alcalá-González, J.; Yepes, V. (2022). CO2-Optimization of Post-Tensioned Concrete Slab-Bridge Decks Using Surrogate Modeling. Materials. 15(14):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144776115151

Computer-support tool to optimize bridges automatically

[EN] In bridge design, many variables like material grades, cross-sectional dimensions, passive and prestressing steel need to be modeled to evaluate structural performance. Efficiency gains are intended while satisfying the serviceability and ultimate limit states imposed by the structural code. In this paper, a computer-support tool is presented to analyze continuous post-tensioned concrete (PSC) box-girder road bridges, to minimize the cost as well as to provide optimum design variables. The program encompasses six modules to perform the optimization process, the finite-element analysis, and the limit states verification. The methodology is defined and applied to a case study. A harmony search (HS) algorithm optimizes 33 variables that define a three-span PSC box-girder bridge located in a coastal region. However, the same procedure could be implemented to optimize any structure. This tool enables one to define the fixed parameters and the variables that are optimized by the heuristic algorithm. Moreover, the output provides useful rules to guide engineers in designing PSC box-girder road bridges.The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, along with FEDER funding (BRIDLIFE Project: BIA2014-56574-R) and the Research and Development Support Program of Universitat Politècnica de València (PAID-02-15).García-Segura, T.; Yepes, V.; Alcalá González, J. (2017). Computer-support tool to optimize bridges automatically. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements. 5(2):171-178. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V5-N2-171-178S1711785